O artigo apresenta o método documentário para extensão rural, identificando tipologias da ação extensionista. É um estudo de caso e dos pressupostos da ação dos extensionistas rurais e da Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural. O método documentário possibilitou produzir informações com entrevistas narrativas referenciado por um roteiro. A análise de informações se desenvolveu a partir de cinco etapas: organização temática; interpretação formulada; interpretação refletida; análise comparativa; e construção de tipologias. O estudo aponta para três tipologias: extensionistas de (...) tipo especialista com atuação individual; generalista com atuação individual; e generalista com atuação grupal. O resultado revelou uma estrutura básica de atuação profissional e, ademais, responde à questão: Por que os extensionistas fazem o que fazem, isto é, porque são mais ou menos dedicados à política nacional? Palavras-chave: Extensão rural. Tipologias. Extensionista. Método documentário. (shrink)

Introduction: The actions taken by the government to deal with the consequences of the coronavirus diseases 2019 pandemic caused different levels of restriction on the mobility of the population. The need to continue offering physical exercise to individuals after stroke became an emergency. However, these individuals may have barriers to adhere to the programs delivered remotely. There is a lack of evidence related to adherence, attendance, safety, and satisfaction of remote exercise programs for this population.Objective: The aim was to evaluate (...) adherence and barriers to attend a remote physical exercise program for individuals after stroke. We aimed to identify adherence and attendance rate of the remote physical exercise program ; to identify the safety of a remote physical exercise program ; and to identify the overall experience to participate in a remote program.Materials and methods: This is a longitudinal study, including 36 stroke survivors who already attended a face-to-face physical exercise program prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The remote physical exercise program included sessions for 2 days/week for a duration of 22 weeks, with a total of 44 sessions, which were delivered asynchrony via recorded video sessions. As outcome measures, we performed two questionnaires to identify attendance, barriers, safety, and overall experience related to the program.Results: The adherence rate was 86. The attendance rate was 19, with a total of 8 sessions. The main barriers for lower attendance rate were as follows: lack of motor skills and physical fitness to workout in 80 reports, followed by no exercise companion in 44 reports. The remote physical program has been shown to be safe, and the overall experience was positive from the perspectives of the participants and the family members.Conclusion: Although the adherence rate was high, the attendance rate was low on the remote physical exercise program. The main barriers to attending the program remotely reflect the need of tailoring individually an asynchrony mode of delivering the sessions to individuals after stroke. Our results also indicate how the COVID-19 impacted the health conditions of stroke survivors. The program was safe, and the overall experience indicated a change in the mental, physical, and social health of individuals after stroke and their family members. (shrink)

This article analyses recent social, cultural and political developments in Latin America, with special reference to the `modernity/coloniality' project, as well as offering an alternative sociological interpretation of the contemporary subcontinent. It analyses in particular Walter Mignolo's work as the main expression of that `post/decolonial' project, a general interpretive effort that reflects actual social changes but offers misguided theoretical and political perspectives. The article then proposes a discussion of modernity as a global civilization which is now unfolding its third phase, (...) characterized by greater complexity and pluralism. In addition it argues that modernity should be seen as a two-pronged phenomenon, featuring not only domination but also emancipation. Against the reification of modernity, the article suggests that we see it as woven by multiple and contingent modernizing moves. (shrink)

O artigo lança um olhar sobre as deficiências físicas, sensoriais e cognitivas da pessoa humana, substituindo a ideia de Deus como seu causador direto ou indireto pela teoria da aleatoriedade. Define a deficiência como expressão do caráter limitado do ser humano em geral. Propõe uma abordagem pastoral e uma postura ética diante das pessoas com deficiência.

O presente artigo investiga a unidade de valor entre ética e moral, proposta por Ronald Dworkin, assumindo, como ponto de partida, o constitucionalismo pluralista latino-americano. Para tanto, o bem viver, afirmado pelas Constituições boliviana e equatoriana mediante o resgate da sabedoria indígena ancestral – pelo reconhecimento respectivamente do suma qamaña e do sumak kawsay como fundamentos da ordem constitucional – é problematizado a partir da relação que possui com o desafio de consolidação de uma vida boa que expresse o comprometimento (...) com os valores de liberdade, igualdade e comunidade. Referido objeto demandou abordagem interdisciplinar, com destaque para a interação entre o Direito Constitucional e a Filosofia. Os resultados da investigação apontam para a convergência entre a concepção de vida boa aludida por Dworkin e o bem viver que fundamenta as constituições pluralistas latino-americanas. A pesquisa se insere na vertente jurídico-sociológica para o desenvolvimento de investigação de tipo jurídico-investigativo e técnica bibliográfica. Para consideração das fontes, foi adotado o procedimento de análise de conteúdo, com a predominância de raciocínios dedutivos e dialéticos. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This paper intends to demonstrate how the text of the Plato’s Republic allows us to discuss the status of appetites and the appetitive principle (to epithymetikon) of the soul as different, trying to demonstrate that, when we do not exchange them for one another, the platonic theory of the soul is filled with even greater clarity and enables the reader to have a sharper understanding of the problem of possible psychic unity.

Ao longo da leitura do Simpósio de Platão, é possível compreender a estreita relação entre o apetite (ἐπιθυμία) e o amor (ἔρως), enquanto este se manifesta, em última instância, como um apetite de imortalidade (ἐπιθυμία τῆς ἀθανασίας). Entretanto, este mesmo amor, que potencializa a alma na descoberta do belo em si mesmo (τὸ καλόν), também pode aprisionar o homem na sedução do sensível, levando-o a crer que nada é mais real do que a experiência amorosa pura e simples que se (...) esgota na apreciação de um belo corpo. É, pois, nessa tensão entre as coisas físicas e aquelas verdades eternas que as sustentam que se inscreve a ambivalência de eros. Nossa análise pretende, através de uma leitura do mito-alegoria de Poros e Penia, contado pela sacerdotisa de Mantinéia, Diotima, a partir do passo 203a do Simpósio, demonstrar como a ambivalência constituinte do amor já se encontra, tout court, nas próprias características dos progenitores de eros, tais como delineadas por Platão nesse trecho. Penia, a deusa da Pobreza, seria essencialmente responsável pela precariedade e passividade de Eros perante as coisas sensíveis ou, também de modo ambivalente, já na descrição da deusa encontram-se indícios de uma potência criativa capaz de planejamento e de atividade? E o que dizer de Poros, pai do amor? Ele explicaria suficientemente bem este apetite incessante de Eros que deseja ir sempre mais além do objeto já experimentado? (shrink)

Inicialmente restrita aos muros escolares, a violência entre alunos passou a se manifestar também de forma online, por meio de redes sociais, estabelecendo a expressão cyberbullying. Sob esta perspectiva, há um consenso na literatura da área, de que cabe à escola se posicionar e assumir o compromisso de inibir estas práticas e estimular o convívio pacífico entre os alunos, dentro e fora da escola. Apesar da relevância da questão, a temática do cyberbullying ainda é pouco estudada de forma empírica. Observa-se (...) uma lacuna de informações no que se refere aos atores que podem atuar como agentes de prevenção e controle a este tipo de violência, os professores. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a influência da preocupação dos professores no envolvimento da escola frente às práticas de cyberbullying. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa junto a 112 professores de ensino fundamental e médio de escolas públicas e privadas do município de Blumenau/SC. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise fatorial exploratória e equações estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que os professores demonstram maior preocupação quando percebem que o problema do cyberbullying é real e afeta os alunos. Quanto ao envolvimento da escola, verificou-se a necessidade de se estabelecer parcerias entre as instituições de ensino e a comunidade, promover assembleias alusivas ao tema nas escolas e fornecer aconselhamento aos jovens no próprio ambiente escolar. Por fim, observou-se que a preocupação dos professores com as práticas de cyberbullying influencia a sua crença de que o envolvimento da escola é importante, despertando a necessidade de posturas mais proativas para o combate a este malefício. Palavras-chave: Cyberbullying. Escola. Professores. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses Jacobinism and the French/Haitian revolution in its unity and diversity. It shows that the main imaginary and institutional elements of modernity – including further an...

Resenha da obra: MACIEL, Sonia Maria. Ética e Felicidade - Um Estudo do Filebo de Platão. Porto Alegre> Edipucrs, 2002.

According to Kant, the possibility that pure practical reason may effectively determine the will depends, initially, upon an in-depth investigation of the faculty of desire within the perspective of his transcendental philosophy. In order to demonstrate this, we will present in this paper the critical development of this faculty and with it the bases upon which the concepts of a good will and of a pure practical reason relate themselves to the constitution of morality.

Recently it has become clear that integrins and other adhesive receptors play an important role in the control of cell growth and differentiation. In various cell types, anchorage to the extracellular matrix via integrins strongly influences the ability of the cell to respond to soluble mitogens or to differentiation factors. Thus adhesive receptors must generate signals that influence cell behavior. Some of the pathways of adhesion receptor signaling are now beginning to be worked out, but there is still much to (...) learn. In particular, the mechanistic basis for the cooperation between anchorage signals and signals from soluble growth and differentiation factors remains ill‐defined. This review will examine some of the current information linking adhesion receptors to control of mitogenesis and differentiation. (shrink)

In his last papers about deontic logic, von Wright sustained that there is no genuine logic of norms. We argue in this paper that this striking statement by the father of deontic logic should not be understood as a death sentence to the subject. Rather, it indicates a profound change in von Wright's understanding about the epistemic and ontological role of logic in the field of norms. Instead of a logical constructivism of deontic systems revealing a necessary structure of prescriptive (...) discourse, which marked his earlier efforts, he adopted the view that such systems should be seem as mere objects of comparison, i.e. as providing practical standards of rationality for normgiving activity. Within such view he proposed an interpretation of standard deontic logic in such a way to free deontic logicians from the philosophical difficulties related to the so-called Jørgensen's dilemma and deontic paradoxes. This effort, as we claim in the present paper, is an application of Wittgenstein's therapeutic method to dissolve philosophical difficulties caused by the use of logical tools to model relations between norms. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta as questões essenciais da teoria crítica de Axel Honneth a partir do quadro referencial teórico hegeliano. Seria preciso, assim, o entendimento das questões fundamentais que Hegel enfrentava em seu tempo, para, então, contextualizar a proposta filosófica de Honneth. Sem o entendimento do quadro referencial teórico hegeliano, a reflexão da teoria crítica de Honneth torna-se incompleta. Apesar da reconhecida influência que Hegel tem na articulação teórica de Honneth, pouco se diz em que momentos específicos as questões postas por (...) Hegel também estão presentes no pensamento de Honneth. A nosso ver, isto é determinante para compreendermos o modelo crítico de Honneth. A partir de Hegel, destaca-se a categoria do reconhecimento que, em Honneth, aparece também como uma categoria central em sua proposta de teoria crítica. Primeiramente, debate-se o quadro referencial teórico hegeliano; em seguida, articula-se como as reflexões de Hegel também são essenciais para o entendimento da filosofia de Honneth. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar o republicanismo presente no pensamento de Alexis de Tocqueville, como crítica ao despotismo nas eras democráticas. Para tanto, seguiremos a leitura interpretativa de autores contemporâneos como Hannah Arendt, Charles Taylor e Jacques Rancière, que destacam, em suas reflexões, a interpretação de Tocqueville acerca da revolução americana, enfatizando os limites e as possibilidade de uma política participativa como crítica a um despotismo emergente na democracia. Tocqueville observa uma tendência, na democracia, de um crescente individualismo moderno, (...) junto com a perda dos laços comunitários, essenciais para a vida pública. Ele mostra-se preocupado com a indiferença pela política enquanto participação da sociedade nas decisões, havendo o perigo de uma nova, especificamente moderna, forma de despotismo. Não será uma tirania do terror e da opressão. O governo poderá até se manter com eleições periódicas. Porém, tudo poderá ser governado por um enorme poder tutelar sobre o qual o povo terá pouco ou nenhum controle. Esse tipo de servidão regrada, doce e calma pode perfeitamente se estabelecer nas democracias. Somente com uma cultura de participação política, através de associações comunitárias, em vários níveis do poder, poderemos, diz Tocqueville, combater o despotismo crescente na democracia. (shrink)

L’un des philosophes les plus importants de l’histoire, Friedrich Nietzsche, est presque ignoré par les physiciens. L’auteur qui a déclaré la mort de Dieu au xixe siècle était enthousiasmé par la science, principalement durant la deuxième partie de son œuvre. À l’aide de la notion physique de force, Nietzsche a créé son concept de volonté de puissance. En pensant à la conservation de l’énergie, le philosophe allemand a eu une certaine inspiration pour créer son concept de l’éternel retour. Dans cet (...) article, on souligne certaines influences de la physique sur Nietzsche et on discute de l’actualité de sa position épistémologique—le perspectivisme. À partir du concept de volonté de puissance, je propose que le perspectivisme conduise à l’interprétation où la physique et la science en général sont considérées comme un jeu. (shrink)

In spite of successful tests, the standard cosmological model, the $$\varLambda$$ CDM model, possesses the most problematic concept: the initial singularity, also known as the big bang. In this paper—by adopting the Kantian difference between to think of an object and to cognize an object—it is proposed a degree of scientificity using fuzzy sets. Thus, the notion of initial singularity will not be conceived of as a scientific issue because it does not belong to the fuzzy set of what is (...) known. Indeed, the problematic concept of singularity is some sort of what Kant called the noumenon, but science, on the other hand, is constructed in the phenomenon. By applying the fuzzy degree of scientificity in cosmological models, one concludes that cosmologies with a contraction phase before the current expansion phase are potentially more scientific than the standard model. At the end of this article, it is shown that Kant’s first antinomy of pure reason indicates a limit to our cosmological models. (shrink)

In this article, we provide a philosophical and ethical reflection about quiet quitting as a tool of political resistance for nurses. Quiet quitting is a trend that gained traction on TikTok in July 2022 and emerged as a method of resistance among employees facing increasing demands from their workplaces at the detriment of their personal lives. It is characterised by employees refraining from exceeding the basic requirements outlined in their job descriptions. To understand why quiet quitting can be a tool (...) of resistance useful for nurses, we first draw on Frédéric Gros' concept of ‘surplus obedience’ and Michael Lipsky's notion of ‘routines and simplification strategies’ to highlight the ethical implications associated with nurses engaging in and sustaining harmful systems, such as the neoliberal healthcare system. Leaning again on Gros, we then propose that ‘obedience a minima’, a concept akin to quiet quitting, can serve as a method of ethical nursing resistance. After describing what the concept entails, we provide a discussion emphasising the potential of obedience a minima as a one method, among many, that can be leveraged by nurses to challenge and resist a system that prioritises financial considerations over patient wellbeing. The article concludes by reflecting on the ethical nature of resistance in the context of nursing, that is the act of obeying oneself and refraining from participating in systems that are detrimental to the lives of Others. (shrink)

This book investigates modern global civilization, offering an alternative to post-colonial theories and the "multiple modernities" approach (as well as the civilizational theory linked to it). It argues that modernity has become a global civilization that is heterogeneous and intertwined with other civilizations, and also aims at a renewal of critical theory that is not US-centric and Eurocentric, focusing instead on China, South Asia (India) and Latin America (Brazil). Dealing with the themes of centre-periphery relations, complexity (including culture and religion), (...) democracy and emancipatory possibilities, this book is based on general theoretical ideas such as collective subjectivity, the interplay of memory and creativity, and the concept of "modernizing moves," so as to deal with historical contingency. (shrink)

This article discusses the concepts of collective subjectivity and collective causality as an alternative to methodological individualism, structuralism and functionalism. It resumes Aristotelian issues in a realist framework and applies, by way of example, its main concepts to criticize and suggest a distinct view of capabilities"" and ""freedom"" in connection with collective subjectivity.".

Graphical AbstractThis recent meeting covered non-bilaterian (e.g., cnidarians, ctenophores, and sponges) animals broadly, but with emphasis in four areas: 1) New genomic resources and tools for functional studies, 2) advances in developmental and regeneration studies, 3) the evolution and function of nervous systems, 4) symbiosis and the holobiome.

In the last papers published by Alchourrón, he attacked non-monotonic logics, which he considered philosophically unsound for the representation of defeasible reasoning. Instead of a non-monotonic consequence relation, he proposed a formal representation of defeasibility based on an AGM-like revision of implicit assumptions connected to the premises. Given that this is a procedure to generate non-monotonic logics, it is not clear, from a mathematical standpoint, why he was so suspicious of such logics. In the present paper we try to answer (...) this question based on Alchourrón' s convictions about epistemology, particularly the epistemology of law. We also propose another revision operator on theories called refinement, which provides a faithful representation of the sort of epistemic change considered by Alchourrón as intrinsic to defeasibility. En sus últimos escritos publicados, Alchourrón desarrolló un ataque contra las lógicas no-monotónicas, que consideraba filosóficamente inadecuadas a la representación del razonamiento derrotable. En vez de una relación de consecuencia no-monotónica, él propuso una representación formal de la derrotabilidad basada en un modelo de revisión de las asunciones implícitas ligadas a las premisas. Dado que éste es un procedimiento para generar lógicas no-monotónicas, no está claro -en el nivel matemático- por qué él era tan desconfiado de tales lógicas. En el presente texto intentamos contestar a esta pregunta basados en las convicciones de Alchourrón sobre epistemología, particularmente la epistemología jurídica. También proponemos otro operador de revisión aplicado a las teorías, llamado refinamiento, que proporciona una representación fiel de la especie de cambio epistémico considerado por Alchourrón como intrínseco a la derrotabilidad. (shrink)

O artigo pretende apresentar de modo geral a situação do homem contemporâneo, cuja noção se esvazia diante das provocações do animalismo, de um lado, e do pós-humanismo, de outro. Quem é realmente o homem? Um animal como os outros ou uma potencial máquina a ser desenvolvida através do enhancement de suas capacidades? Está-se diante de dois fenômenos preocupantes: uma absolutização do dado biológico no caso do animalismo, fazendo do ser humano somente um momento específico dentro do gênero animal; ou senão (...) o abandono do biológico, transformado pela tecnologia que produz o “além-homem”, em condições diversas de existência, no caso do pós-humanismo. De qualquer modo, nessas novas antropologias (naturalista e tecnicista) perde-se aquilo que torna o homem propriamente humano, ou seja, o que a tradição chama de espírito ou alma (nous, psyché). Sem descer a detalhes, deseja- se indicar as principais teses, bem como os autores de referência, que caracterizam ambas as posições mencionadas. A atenção também se dirige à tentativa de re-dizer o humano como pessoa, partindo dos elementos presentes nas posições em estudo, mas indo além de seus reducionismos. (shrink)

My main objective is to clarify the platonic perspective about the narratives which present a allegorical character. The question arises from the fact that the philosopher systematically avoids using the terms????????? and???????????, usually translated as narrative and narrate, to designate the allegories in his works. His refusal is odd, because his use of the terms covers a heterogeneous group of narratives and apparently there is no reason that prevents them from designating the allegorical passages. My proposal for a solution is (...) develop a analysis of the occurrences of????????? and??????????? in corpus platonicum, which aims to promote a more detailed characterization of the meaning of the terms. To understand one of the aspects found in this survey, the concept of testimony, I follow the interpretation of Luc Brisson in his work Platon les mots et les mythes. Finally, based on Brisson's thesis, I try to explain why the philosopher avoids the terms????????? and??????????? to refer to the allegorical narratives. (shrink)

Offering a contemporary perspective on the theory of modernity that differentiates it from its predecessors, this reconstruction has been expanded to include a fourth instrumental aspect. In addition to the recognition of the three parts of traditional modernity—freedom, equality, and solidarity—that follow the basic ideas of the constitutional revolutions of the 18th century, this updated vision introduces responsibility. Concerning itself with what the sociology of development, risk, and ecological crisis have added to these classical ideas, the addition of the fourth (...) part, responsibility, seeks to recognize the experiences of successive eras, and the 20th century in particular. (shrink)

Some of the most promising advances in recent social and sociological theory have happened in connection with historical sociology, including the ‘multiple’ or ‘entangled’ modernity as well as the civilizational approaches, despite their several problems. This article critically resumes this debate, proposing specific conceptualizations of civilization and modernity, at the global level, as well as of regions. Multidimensionality and collective subjectivities and modernizing moves cut across the whole text. The discussion starts from a specific analysis of Latin American modernity, including (...) the criticism of some recent interpretations. It then moves into more general conceptual dimensions, taking Latin America in unitary terms and as a unit of analysis, regardless of its relative internal heterogeneity, and placing of the subcontinent within a comparative view of, in particular, a third, contemporary phase of modernity, vis-à-vis China, India, Africa and other civilizational coordinates. (shrink)